
Time scale
Numbers on the time scale represent time in millions of years before present. Numerical dates were added long after the time scale was established using […]
Numbers on the time scale represent time in millions of years before present. Numerical dates were added long after the time scale was established using […]
Basic types of contacts To understand the concept of nonconformity in the rock formation, it is important to mention the basic types of contacts between […]
A disconformity is a gap in the rock A disconformity is a gap in the rock record that represents a period of erosion rather than […]
Although a great deal of limestone is produced by biological processes, this origin is not always evident because shells and skeletons may undergo considerable change […]
Much of what can be learned about the process that forms shale is related to particle size. The tiny grains in shale indicate that deposition […]
Because soil-forming processes operate from the surface downward, soil composition, texture, structure, and color gradually evolve differently at varying depths. These vertical differences, which usually […]
Igneous rocks Igneous rocks form in two basic settings. Molten rock may crystallize within Earth’s crust over a range of depths, or it may solidify […]
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