Drainage of slides
Pore water pressure is critical to slide stability, so drainage is usually very effective, and is the only economical method to stabilize large landslides within natural slopes.Surface drains: concrete diversion … Read More
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
The classification scheme in Figure 1. divides sedimentary rocks into major groups: detrital on the left side and chemical/organic on the right. Further, we can see that the main criterion … Read More
What Causes Landslides?
There are two primary categories of causes of landslides: natural and human caused. Sometimes, landslides are caused, or made worse, by a combination of the two factors. Natural Occurrences This … Read More
Kinking and chevron folding
Kink bands are common in well-laminated and anisotropic rocks rich in phyllosilicate minerals, and some field occurrences are shown in Figure 1. Kink bandsare centimetre to decimeter wide zones or … Read More
Silicate Versus Nonsilicate Minerals
It is worth noting that only eight elements make up the vast majority of the rock-forming minerals and represent more than 98 percent (by weight) of the continental crust (Figure). … Read More
Minerals Streak
The color of a mineral in powdered form, called streak, is often useful in identification. A mineral’s streak is obtained by rubbing it across a streak plate (a piece of … Read More
Artesian Systems
In most wells, water cannot rise without the use of pumps. If water is first encountered at a depth of 30 meters (100 feet), it remains at that level, fluctuating … Read More
Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
The nature of subsurface materials strongly influences the rate of groundwater movement and the amount of groundwater that can be stored. Two factors are especially important: porosity and permeability. Porosity … Read More
Convolution
Convolute lamination or convolute bedding is a special type of intraformational deformation layering or lamination, characterized by meandering and winding laminates within a layer in concordant sequence with roof and … Read More
Kola Superdeep Borehole
The Kola Superdeep Borehole (Russian: Кольская сверхглубокая скважина) is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project … Read More