
Bowen’s Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks
Recall that ice freezes at a specific temperature, whereas basaltic magma crystallizes over a range of at least 200°C of cooling (about 1200° to 1000°C). […]
Recall that ice freezes at a specific temperature, whereas basaltic magma crystallizes over a range of at least 200°C of cooling (about 1200° to 1000°C). […]
The simplest atoms have only 1 proton in their nuclei, whereas others have more than 100. The number of protons in the nucleus of an […]
List the common nonsilicate minerals and explain why each is important. Nonsilicate minerals are typically divided into groups, based on the negatively charged ion or […]
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks We begin our discussion of Earth materials with an overview of mineralogy (mineral 5 mineral, ology 5 study of) because […]
Contact metamorphism, or thermal metamorphism, occurs in Earth’s upper crust (low pressure), when rocks immediately surrounding a molten igneous body are “baked” (high temperature). Because […]
Introduction Groves et al. (1998), following Gebre-Mariam et al. (1995), defined the term orogenic gold deposit to obviate the necessity to refer to a wide […]
Introduction Compared with compressive or shear strength, tensile strength of soil is basically assumed to be zero, or insignificant in geotechnical engineering practice because of […]
Introduction In just a few years, awareness and interest in the resources of trace elements in coal has greatly increased (Tolhurst, 2015, Yao et al., […]
Introduction An important task for a society that aims at sustainability is to be able to conceptualise, characterise and model different geological systems. The ability […]
Introduction The weathering process in Antarctica is key to our understanding of the geomorphological processes that take place in hyper-arid and hypothermal environments on Earth. […]
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