What Causes Rock to Deform?
Every body of rock, no matter how strong, has a point at which it will deform by bending or breaking. Deformation (de = out, forma = form) is a general … Read More
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What Is Metamorphism?
Unlike some igneous and sedimentary processes that occur in surface or near-surface environments, metamorphism most often occurs deep within Earth, beyond our direct observation. Notwithstanding this significant obstacle, geologists have … Read More
Dr.Karl Von Terzaghi
Dr. Karl von Terzaghi , the father of modern soil mechanics Dr. Karl von Terzaghi , the father of modern soil mechanics, was born in Prague, Austria, in 1883. At … Read More
Metamorphic Textures
The term texture is used to describe the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral grains within a rock. Recall that texture is one way in which igneous and sedimentary … Read More
Common Metamorphic Rocks
Most metamorphic rocks that we observe at Earth’s surface were derived from the three most common sedimentary rocks—shale, limestone, and quartz sandstone. Shale is the most likely parent of most … Read More
Preventing Landslides
Preventing large, natural landslides is difficult Preventing large, natural landslides is difficult, but common sense and good engineering practices can help to minimize the hazard. For example, loading the top … Read More
Mineral Strength
How easily minerals break or deform under stress is determined by the type and strength of the chemical bonds that hold the crystals together. Mineralogists use terms including hardness, cleavage, … Read More
Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock
Coal is different from other sedimentary rocks Unlike limestone and chert, which are calcite and silica-rich, coal is made of organic matter. Close examination of coal under a magnifying glass … Read More
Slump and Rockslide
Slump Slump is an example of a rotational slide and refers to the downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved … Read More
Slow Movements
Movements such as rockslides, rock avalanches, and lahars are certainly the most spectacular and catastrophic forms of mass wasting. These dangerous events deserve intensive study to enable more effective prediction, … Read More